Why does the rate of recharging decrease as battery level increases?

The rate of charging a battery can be given as EMF*Current while charging the EMF of the battery increases but the current passing through the charger is proportional to the difference between the charger's voltage and the battery EMF. This difference decreases as the battery gets charged, reducing the current and therefore, the rate of charging.

FAULT INDICATOR SYSTEM FOR A TRANSFORMER

We came to know that there are approximately 3 transformer failures on regular basis, due to reasons like over-voltage, overload-current, etc. This knowledge motivates us for this project with an initial thought of developing a transformer monitoring and protection system.

Transformer automation, in which automation is combination of measuring, controlling of various parameters namely voltage, temperature, current and humming level measurement and also protection of transformer. During the training period, we studied basics of transformer and use of GSM module in relation to our project. Firstly, we selected a controller i.e. PIC16F887 by comparing it with various other controllers like ATMEL, AVR, ARM and processor like Raspberry Pi, Beagle-board by comparing its project cost and its advantages over other controllers and processors.

First, we developed a program for measuring voltage and temperature and we interfaced the program in PIC16F887. We tested different changes in our program like over- voltage, over- current and humming level and temperature measurement. First we studied the data sheet of ACS712 i.e. current sensor and also the working of ACS712. Now, we measure DC current by connecting different loads and analyze the changes in the circuit. Finally, we merged all sensors and one by one and observed the output on computer using UART protocol.

Now, our task is to constantly monitor parameters of transformer which is in remote destination and check for any fault and report it to the observatory authority. For that, we choose the option of sending SMS. For SMS, we sent parameters using AT commands.

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WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING 8051

This project illustrates the construction and working of a liquid/water level indicator. Such an indicator is used in tanks to indicate the level of liquids and alert us when the tank is full. A water level controller is a device that manages water levels on a variety of systems such as water tanks, pumps and swimming pools. The basic function of a water level controller is to regulate water flow and optimize system performance.

In many homes and other public places, ground water is used, which is pumped up to overhead tanks using water pumps which are controlled by electric motors. Controlling the pumps is often a necessity to avoid wastage of water. This Water level controllers Indicator is highly recommended for metro cities or areas where drinking water is supplied through pipelines which are further distributed in homes, hotels, societies etc.

So by this circuit we can monitor the various levels of the tank and can avoid spillage of water and also we can configure our supplies according to the various levels of tank. Such module or circuit can be installed in big buildings where manual monitor of tanks is difficult and its indicator can be placed at some centralised place.

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HEART RATE MONITOR USING SMART PHONE CAMERA

Heart Rate can be a strong indicator of overall health and fitness. Below are some reasons why we need to measure Heart Rate are:

•  For decades, athletes and trainers have obsessively tracked Heart Rate (HR) as an indicator of athletic performance.
• It is a useful indicator to tell if our heart is working in good condition. In an emergency, pulse rate can help find out if the heart is pumping enough blood.
• There are several pulsometers available which can measure the heart rate but very are costly so in this project we use concepts of image processing and achieve the same goal without costing a single penny. 

In this project we will exploit the functionality of MATLAB to measure the heart rate.We will place our finger on the lens of camera and then record a video for 30-40 seconds and feed to MATLAB for further processing.

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DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM USING 8051

As we all know the impact of SCADA in industries and its importance in working of a project. So, seeing the huge dependency of industries on SCADA system we decided to make a basic model a data acquisition system wherein we are monitoring the different parameters.
We are monitoring wind direction and humidity for instance using sensors and micro controller.
We all know wind is an important natural resource present on earth. It is characterized by its speed, direction, and humidity percentage. In this project we are focusing on finding the direction of wind.

Why is it so important to find the direction of wind?

• If we know the wind direction from which wind is coming can help weather forecasting predict when storm patterns and where rain will arrive.
• Weather condition for flying is very important task.
• Wind direction is used in wind energy assessment process by which wind power developers estimate future energy production of wind farm.
• Accurate wind resource assessments are crucial to successful development of wind farms.
• Direction also helps differentiate the low pressure and high pressure areas.
• And also the direction of wind helps in the navigation of ships and airplane. 

Humidity measurement is important because:

• It affects many properties of air, and of materials in contact with air.
• Water vapor is a key agent in both weather and climate, and it is an important atmospheric greenhouse gas. (Without water vapor we would be 31 °C colder on Earth).
• A huge variety of manufacturing, storage and testing processes are humidity-critical. Humidity measurements are used to prevent condensation, corrosion, mold, warping or other spoilage – highly relevant for foods, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, fuels, wood, paper, and many other products.
• Air-conditioning systems in buildings often control humidity, and significant energy may go into cooling the air to remove water vapor – Humidity measurements contribute both to achieving correct environmental conditions and to minimizing the energy cost of this.

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WIRELESS CHARGER

The transmission of electrical energy from source to load for a distance without any conducting wire or cables is called Wireless Power Transmission. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikola Tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.

Day by day new technologies are making our life simpler. Wireless charging through resonance could be one of the next technologies that bring the future nearer. In this project it has been shown that it is possible to charge low power devices wirelessly via inductive coupling. It minimizes the complexity that arises for the use of conventional wire system. In addition, the project also opens up new possibilities of wireless systems in our other daily life uses.

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WIND DIRECTION DETECTOR

We all know what basically wind is so we must therefore the direction of wind. If we know the wind direction from which wind is coming can help weather forecasting predict when storm patterns and heat wave will arrive. Weather condition for flying is very important task. Wind direction is used in wind energy assessment process by which wind power developers estimate future energy production of wind farm. Accurate wind resource assessments are crucial to successful development of
wind farms.

Magnetic reed switch sensor

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